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The consequences of the change to the Hungarian king included the introduction of feudalism and the rise of the native noble families such as Frankopan and Šubic. The later kings sought to restore some of their previously lost influence by giving certain privileges to the towns. The primary governor of Croatian provinces was the ban. The Supreme Court (Vrhovni sud) of the Republic of Croatia is the highest court. Court hearings are open, and judgments are made publicly, except in issues of privacy of the accused. Judges are appointed by the National Judicial Council and judicial office is permanent (until 70 years of age). President of the Supreme Court is elected on 4-year term by the Croatian Parliament at the proposal of the President of the Republic. Pope Leo X called Croatia the forefront of Christianity in 1519, given that several Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the Turks. Among them there were ban Petar Berislavic who won a victory at Dubica on the Una river in 1513, the captain of Senj Petar Kružic who defended the Klis fortress for 15 years, captain Nikola Jurišic who deterred by a magnitude larger Turkish force on their way to Vienna in 1532, or ban Nikola Šubic Zrinski who helped save Pest from occupation in 1542 and fought in the Battle of Szigetvar in 1566. After the Bihac fort finally fell to the army of the Bosnian vizier Hasan-pasha Predojevic in 1592, only small parts of Croatia remained unconquered. The remaining 16,800 km˛ were referred to as the remnants of the remnants of the once great Croatian kingdom. Croatian lands became subject to the Carolingian Empire around 800, and regained independence after the death of Charlemagne in 814. The first written mention of Croats dates from 852, a statute by Duke Trpimir, the founder of the Trpimirovic ruling dynasty. The country was recognized by Pope John VIII as an independent dukedom under Branimir in 879 (dux Chroatorum). In recorded history, the area was inhabited by the Illyrians, and since the 4th century BC also colonized by the Celts and by the Greeks. The population of Croatia has been stagnating over the last decade. The natural growth rate is minute or negative (less than +/- 1%), as the demographic transition has been completed half a century ago. Life expectancy rate is around 75 years, and the literacy rate is at 98.5%, both of which are reasonably high. The country has experienced faster economic growth and has been preparing for membership in the European Union.
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